The recent New York Times article
claiming GMOs haven't delivered on the promise of reduced pesticide
use and greater yields is notable both for what it asserts, and what
it leaves out.
For starters, reporter Danny Hakim
unequivacably states:
Fears about the harmful effects of
eating G.M. foods have proved to be largely without scientific basis.
So will all the anti-GMO folks who are
circulating the article as confirmation of their views also accept
this as reality? Can we finally take food safety — the focal point
of the anti-GMO messaging — out of this polarized debate?
Unfortunately, the article fails to
explore the significant role that these same anti-GMO activists have
played in preventing GM crops from reaching their full potential.
It's a bit disengenous to claim the crops have underperfomed without
also acknowledging that their development has met fierce resistance
every step of the way, with many, especially those in the public
sector, stymied completely.
Much of the work I've focused on has
been the development of insect-resistant crops
that are already showing the potential to reduce insecticide use and
pull people out of poverty, such as the Bt brinjal in Bangladesh, Bt
cotton in India and the Bt cowpea in West Africa. But the article
skirts these contributions in focusing solely on commodity crop comparisons between
Europe and the U.S.
The article also makes hash out of
statistics. As University of Wyoming professor Andrew Kniss notes in
his Control Freaks blog:
First, the data is presented in
different units (thousand metric tons for France, compared to million
pounds in the US), making a direct comparison nearly impossible.
Second, the pesticide amounts are not standardized per unit area,
which is critically important since the USA has over 9 times the
amount of farmland that France does; it would be shocking if the U.S.
didn’t use far more pesticide when expressed this way.
It is true that France has been
reducing pesticide use, but France still uses more pesticides per
arable hectare than we do in the USA. In the case of fungicide &
insecticides, a LOT more. But a relatively tiny proportion of
these differences are likely due to GMOs; pesticide use depends on
climate, pest species, crop species, economics, availability, tillage
practices, crop rotations, and countless other factors. And
almost all of these factors differ between France and the U.S. So
this comparison between France and the U.S., especially at such a
coarse scale, is mostly meaningless, especially with respect to the
GMO question.
If the increase in herbicide use in the
U.S. is due to GMOs, what can explain the increase in herbicide use
throughout most of Europe, where GMO varieties are not
available?
I recently wrote an article about Dr.
Kniss and the complexity and nuances involved in both analyzing farm
chemical use and issuing value judgments about the findings. As he noted:
It's a really complex question and it
can't be boiled down to a single answer when you ask, is herbicide
use better or worse than it used to be? It's different. Some aspects
are probably going to be better and some will probably be worse. In
ag, nothing is black and white and that is particularly true with
most pesticide use. Everything in agriculture is a trade-off.
Acute toxicity has decreased in all
crops, whether they're GMO or not. If anything, if we had not had GMO
crops the chronic toxicity would have increased even more. Glyphosate
represents 70 percent of the herbicide used in these crops, but it
barely registers as a [toxicity] impact.
The NYT reporter also treats all
herbicide-tolerant crops as GMOs, when many have been developed
through selective
breeding or targeted mutagenesis, and are not GMOs
at all.
What's more, he
totally fails to address no-till, one of the main benefits of
herbicide tolerance. According to a study by the Danish Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) and researchers from Aarhus University:
The study confirmed
that that there are significant interactions between management
factors, including pesticide application, with respect to effects on
soil organisms. There are many sources of variation, and the
disturbance of tillage alone may be greater than the effects of
pesticides.
While tilling is
praised as “more natural” than herbicides, it does cause cause
erosion and impact beneficial soil organisms. This again underscores the
complexity of these issues.
Though people like to think in polarized
terms of “good” and “bad,” the real world is all shades of
gray. We only cheat ourselves when we fail to acknowledge that fact and persist in simplistic thinking.
But what really
struck me about the NYT article were these quotes from French farmer
Arnaud Rousseau, who is prohibited from using GM crops:
He wants access to the same
technologies as his competitors across the Atlantic, and thinks G.M.
crops could save time and money.
“Seen from Europe, when you speak
with American farmers or Canadian farmers, we’ve got the feeling
that it’s easier. Maybe it’s not right. I don’t know, but it’s
our feeling.”
At the end of the day, it's all about
ensuring that farmers — not activists — get to choose what to
grow.